Preliminary Discoveries of Varied Rain Garden Substrate Compositions

Rain garden installed to capture polluted stormwater runoff from an asphalt parking lot.

Rain garden installed to capture polluted stormwater runoff from an asphalt parking lot.

Rain gardens are popular stormwater control measures that are non-irrigated, planted landscape features designed to capture polluted stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces. They are built by excavating and creating depression areas within the landscape so that the stormwater can be captured and allowed to infiltrate (1). After excavation they are refilled with an engineered filter bed substrate and planted. An environment is created within the rain garden where adsorption, filtration, sedimentation, volatilization, ion exchange, plant uptake and biological decomposition occur (3).

Sand based filter bed substrates are generally recommended due to their slow drainage (2). In North Carolina, these sand filter bed substrates are often 85-88% by volume sand, 8-12% fines (silt and clay), and 3-5% organic matter (3). It is currently recommended to use pine bark for the organic matter which has low P content, low cation exchange capacity and does not bind many pollutants. However, there are potential alternative filter bed substrates such as slate, organic matter sources such as compost and methods of adding organic matter that can support plant growth and remediate polluted stormwater runoff similar to or better than the recommended sand filter bed substrates. The main objective of this research was to determine the effect from the addition of different sources of organic matter amendments to rain garden filter bed substrates on plant growth.

Two rain garden plants (Panicum virgatum L. ‘Shenandoah’ and Monarda fistulosa L.) were grown in thirty-two substrates that resulted from combinations of two filter bed substrates, two organic matter sources, two combination methods, and eight different combination amounts. The two filter bed substrates used were sand and slate. Both, sand and slate were amended with two different organic matter sources: pine bark and composted yard waste. Pine bark and composted yard waste were added as either a band in the depths of 1, 2, 3, or 4 inches or by incorporation using approximately the same amounts of organic matter in the amounts of 5, 10, 15, and 20% (vol./vol.).

Panicum virgatum ‘Shenandoah’ shoot growth in 100% slate  (left), slate amended with a 4” band of pine bark (middle), and slate amended with a 4” band of composted yard waste  (right).

Panicum virgatum ‘Shenandoah’ shoot growth in 100% slate
(left), slate amended with a 4” band of pine bark (middle),
and slate amended with a 4” band of composted yard waste
(right).

Rain gardens are one of the more utilized stormwater control measures because they are able to fit into many different types of spaces (small or large) unlike other options. They also provide numerous ecological benefits and if planted appropriately can be aesthetically pleasing. For this study, both sand and slate filter bed substrates created a suitable environment for plant growth. With the addition of composted yard waste, both species were larger than when pine bark was added to the sand or slate filter bed substrates.

Elizabeth D. Riley1, Helen T. Kraus1, Ted E. Bilderback1, and James S. Owen Jr.2

1 Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
2 Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech University, Virginia Beach, VA 23455

Literature Cited:

  1. Dietz, M. E. 2007. Low impact development practices: A review of current research and recommendations for future directions. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 186, 351-363.
  2. Hsieh, C., and A.P. Davis. 2005. “Evaluation and Optimization of Bioretention Media for Treatment of Urban Storm Water Runoff.” Journal of Environmental Engineering 131.11: 1521.
  3. North Carolina Division Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR). 2009. Stormwater Best Management Practice Manual. http://portal.ncdenr.org/web/wq/ws/su/bmp

CEFS’ NC Growing Together Project Enters Second Year

CEFSgrowingtogetherCEFS is marking the end of the first of year of its NC Growing Together (NCGT) Project, which aims to bring more locally-grown foods from small and mid-sized farmers – including produce, meat, dairy, and seafood – into mainstream retail and food service supply chains throughout the state.  NCGT is a five year (2013—2017) USDA-funded project.  The project is highly collaborative and includes dozens of partners from across the state, all of which have a stake in developing North Carolina’s Local Food Economy.

Major project partners Lowes Foods and Fort Bragg are committed to modifying their supply chains to increase purchases of locally-produced foods, and will serve as models for other large scale retail and institutional buyers seeking to do the same.  Additional major partners include NC Cooperative Extension,  Foster-Caviness, Military Growth Task Force, US Foods, and Merchants Distributors.

On December 5, the project convened its second annual all-partner meeting at Fort Bragg US Army base.  The meeting began with a delicious, nearly all-local lunch and included project updates from project staff and panel discussions among the retail and food service buyers involved in the project.

Other project-related news:

NCGT and Cooperative Extension Collaborate on Annual Extension Conference Trainings
NC Growing Together collaborated with Cooperative Extension to coordinate three workshops at the annual Cooperative Extension conference held on November 4-6 in Raleigh, NC.

The Marketing Opportunities through Season Extension workshop featured NCGT staff and Cooperative Extension and business partners as speakers and drew an audience of 75 Extension professionals.  View the presentation here.

The Local Food Systems Programming: Engaging all Extension Program Areas and Community Resources in a Systems Approach workshop featured NCGT staff and Cooperative Extension as speakers and drew an audience of 88 Extension professionals. View the presentation here.

The Role of Extension in Enhancing Access to Local Foods workshop featured Cooperative Extension and other partners as speakers and drew an audience of 75 Extension professionals.  View the presentation here.

NCGT Sponsors Nation’s First Local Foods-Focused Business School Supply Chain Fellowships
NC Growing Together is sponsoring the nation’s first local foods-focused business school supply chain fellowships through a partnership with the NC State University Poole School of Management Supply Chain Resource Cooperative.

Sebastian Naskaris, a first year MBA student, is working on select days during November and December at Merchants Distributors, the warehouse distributor for Lowes Foods Stores and other grocery chains.  The goal is to better understand the challenges and opportunities of moving locally-sourced products from small and mid-scale vendors through a large mainstream warehouse distributor.

Jessica Newsome, a second-year MBA student, is working with NC State and Cooperative Extension agricultural economist and marketing specialist Gary Bullen to identify promising supply chain channels to bring NC seafood inland to groceries and other buyers. This work includes interviews with producers, processors, buyers, and others to find win-win opportunities along the local-to-mainstream supply chain.

For more information on the NCGT Supply Chain Fellows, please visit the NCGT website.

North Carolina Local Food Infrastructure Inventory Map Posted Online
During the summer and early fall, NCGT worked in collaboration with NC Cooperative Extension field staff to create a mapped inventory of businesses that serve as intermediary steps in local food supply chains. Primary data sources for this site were business databases, NC Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services website information, and contact with Extension field staff and local economic development personnel.

NC Local Food Infrastructure Inventory

NC Local Food Infrastructure Inventory

This inventory will remain online with “Add Location” and “Contact” links for the duration of the NCGT project. The site, with map and downloadable data, is designed to allow businesses, individuals, non-profits, food councils, and other groups to easily access this information to determine the location and type of food businesses in their areas for further investigation and development of their local food systems.

Visit the Statewide Local Food Infrastructure Inventory Map here.

– JJ Richardson

Grass Roots Revival: JCRA Master Plan

Asian Valley

Asian Valley

A session at a recent American Public Garden Association conference titled “Innovations in Membership”, discussed the reasons members join institutions and stay engaged – mission vs. value.  While we at the JC Raulston Arboretum at NC State University (JCRA) believe our members get great value for their membership through fantastic education programs, special events and our famous free plant distribution (check out “JC Raulston plant distribution” on YouTube for the quickest 10 minutes in horticulture), our members respond passionately to our mission.  This passion can translate into extraordinary results as in the case of our Grass Roots master plan.

Master plans are invaluable tools for fostering a cohesive vision for botanic gardens and arboreta.  Too many institutions have a master plan on file which relates little to the day to day function of the organization and small institutions are often the worst about having a true master site plan to guide their development.  Many small gardens are haphazardly created on the whims of an interested volunteer, staff member, or donor.  While the enthusiasm of both paid and unpaid staff shouldn’t be checked, these gardens should fit harmoniously with the whole. The JCRA, using an early master plan, spent much of the first half of the 2000’s raising money for the construction of a visitor center and education building.  A 2005 American Association of Museums review highlighted the lack of a post-construction master site plan for the JCRA following the completion of the Ruby C. McSwain Education Center.  In response to this need, a volunteer committee comprised of landscape architects, landscape designers, an artist, and a nurseryman came forward from our own membership and offered to develop a physical and interpretive master plan for the JCRA. This “Grass Roots” master plan committee as it came to be known was a group of very talented individuals with a history of involvement with the JCRA.  They were intimately aware of who we are and passionate about our mission to “…promote responsible, inspirational design and management of cultivated landscapes through plant development and evaluation, as well as academic and public education.”  As proof of their understanding of our mission and outlook, the final report from the committee was titled “It’s All About the Plants”.  The late JC Raulston would have been proud. Through staff and public charrettes, the Grass Roots committee addressed these important issues:

  • creating a cohesive path system
  • improving universal accessibility
  • ensuring ongoing opportunities for student and professional development
  • improving educational interpretation of the collection
  • enabling equipment movement through the JCRA
  • developing areas that will facilitate major events
  • enhancing the presentation of our diverse plant collection
  • inspiring our visitors
  • integrating 2 acres of newly acquired land into the JCRA
Lath House

Lath House

The group met every Thursday morning for over a year to develop the final report and plan which were unanimously approved by the board in 2007 and warmly embraced by the staff and members of the JCRA. The master plan has since guided our development both in terms of fund-raising and garden installation/renovation.  After completion of the plan, several members rotated off the committee while other members joined providing both continuity and fresh vision, enthusiasm and ideas.  The committee continues to meet weekly guiding projects to completion, helping write Requests for Proposals, interacting with outside contractors, and soliciting in-kind donations.  Their enthusiasm and passion has helped inspire generous gifts allowing us to complete projects even during the economic downturn of the last few years. Execution of the entire plan is envisioned as a long-term project for the next decade and beyond.  The Master Plan committee is now a standing board committee and has recently revised the original 2007 plan to reflect the projects accomplished and to chart the next 5 years of growth and development.  Their work on the revised Master Plan has enabled the JCRA to develop a list of naming opportunities approved by the NCSU Board of Governors. The Grass Roots master plan committee is just one of many passionately engaged volunteer and member groups at the JCRA.  These volunteers help keep the staff energized and focused on our mission even when times are tough.  The give and take and respect on both sides challenges us to continually improve even during taxing times. A short list of Master Plan projects to date include:

  • 2007 Rooftop Garden renovated
  • 2007 Scree Garden installed
  • 2007 Pedestrian entrance improved
  • 2008 Southwestern Garden renovated and expanded into a Xeric Garden
  • 2008 an accessible central path along the main perennial border installed
  • 2009 Asian Valley was installed
  • 2009 first plantings in newly acquired land (Plantsmans Woods)
  • 2009 Annual Trials moved to newly acquired land
  • 2010 Japanese Garden renovated
  • 2010 Lath House constructed
  • 2011 Monocot Garden
  • 2012 Plantsman’s Wood accessible path
  • 2013 Dwarf Conifer beds
  • 2013 Paver path through Asian Valley

Click here to view the full pdf of the JCRA Master Plan. If you would like to learn how you can donate time or resources to the continuing development of the JC Raulston Arboretum, go to http://www.ncsu.edu/jcraulstonarboretum/ for more information.

Mark Weathington is assistant director and curator of collections at the JC Raulston Arboretum at NC State University, contact Mark: Mark_Weathington@ncsu.edu

Dr. Jim Ballington Celebrates 45 years as a Small Fruits Breeder

Dr. Jim Ballington tasting muscadines

Dr. Jim Ballington tasting muscadines

On July 1, 2013, James R. Ballington officially retired as a Full Professor after working at NC State University for 45 years. Jim arrived on campus in 1968 and started working on his PhD in 1970 with Gene Galletta. In 1975 he was hired as an Assistant Professor and has a long history of breeding at NCSU including: peach breeding and genetics – 1975-1977, blueberry and strawberry breeding and genetics – 1977-1984, blueberry and bramble breeding and genetics – 1984-1990, blueberry, bramble and strawberry breeding and genetics – 1990 – 2003, blueberry and strawberry breeding and genetics – 2003 – 2008 and blueberry and muscadine grape breeding and genetics – 2008 – 2013.

Although he has bred many crops, Jim is most widely known and regarded for his expertise and knowledge of Vaccinium and is unquestionably the most widely recognized and leading breeder of blueberries in the U.S.  Jim has released 32 blueberry cultivars, 7 peach cultivars, 8 strawberry, 1 raspberry and 1 blackberry cultivar over his lifetime.  He has been awarded 7 plant patents, published 76 peer reviewed publications, and 4 book chapters. Over his lifetime he received many awards including the Wilder Medal from the American Pomological Society for outstanding achievement in small fruit cultivar development in 1998, Fruit cultivar award for O’Neal blueberry from ASHS in 2005, he was elected as a Fellow to ASHS in 2002, and won the B.Y Morrison Award from the USDA in 2008 for his achievements in horticultural plant breeding.

Jim’s impacts on the fruit breeding world are impressive.  His germplasm expeditions both formal (USDA sponsored) and informal have and will continue to have lasting value to the small fruit breeding community. The National Clonal Germplasm Repository in Corvallis, OR houses 518 accessions under his name. He collected Vaccinium, Rubus and Fragaria germplasm from the US, China, Chile, Ecuador and Bolivia. The expeditions to the Andes region and China resulted in collection of Vaccinium and Rubus germplasm in their respective centers of diversity.

As anyone who has talked to him knows that Jim has an encyclopedic knowledge of not only Vaccinium but also species in other genera including Rubus and Fragaria. As some breeders are becoming less willing to share germplasm and breeding experiences with various types of germplasm, Jim willingly shared all he knew. He has left an impression on many a younger breeder with his vast knowledge of cultivated and wild germplasm.

Jim’s blueberry cultivars have had a significant impact on the development both domestic and imported markets. Domestically, he, along with colleagues at the USDA and the University of Florida, was one of the first breeders to widely utilize wild Vaccinium species adapted to the southern US in crosses. These crosses resulted in a new type of blueberry, with the name he coined “Southern Highbush”. Southern highbush blueberry types are the dominant type of  blueberry produced in the southeastern US states (NC, GA and FL) .  At this time, Jim’s cultivars or their descendants are among the key cultivars grown in the region. Approximately 60% of the commercial blueberry acreage in North Carolina is planted to cultivars Jim developed. The southeastern US is a key player in the domestic market with annual farm gate value of $179,830,000 (2009 USDA ERS) or approximately 33% of the total US farm gate value.   Internationally, The South American export market was built on one Jim’s releases. At the beginning of this growth surge, his cultivar ‘O’Neal was the most widely planted cultivar in South America.

Although Jim officially retired, he has plans to release 2 blueberry cultivars in the next year. The small fruit breeding community was very lucky to have him around for so many years.

-G. Fernandez

This slideshow requires JavaScript.